Fields and related disciplines

Fields

* Geodesy,[1] measurement of the Earth: GPS, vertical and horizontal motions of the Earth's surface, navigation, the study of the Earth's gravitational field, and the size and form of the Earth
* The study of large-scale motions of the Earth's surface and interior, including:

* Tectonophysics, the study of the physical processes that cause and result from plate tectonics
* Geodynamics, the study of modes of transport deformation within the Earth: rock deformation, mantle flow and convection, heat flow, lithosphere dynamics
* Seismology, the study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth

* Most of our knowledge of the Structure of the Earth is derived from seismology
* Shallow seismology is used in exploration geophysics (to find oil and gas) and for environmental characterization of the subsurface

* Geomagnetism, the study of the Earth's magnetic field, including its origin, telluric currents driven by the magnetic field, the Van Allen belts, and the interaction between the magnetosphere and the solar wind. This field is associated with paleomagnetism, or the measurement of the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field over the geologic past.
* Mathematical Geophysics, The development and applications of mathematical methods [2] and techniques for the solution of geophysical problems.[3]
* Geophysical surveying:

* Exploration and engineering geophysics, using surface methods to detect or infer the presence and position of concentrations of ore minerals and hydrocarbons
* Archaeological geophysics, for archaeological imaging or mapping
* Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, for locating underground storage tanks (UST's) or utilities, delineating landfills, locating voids or potential subsidence, finding depth to, P-wave or S-wave velocity of, or rippability of bedrock, or the pathway of groundwater movement